Unlike men, women can actually have different types

Unlike men, women can actually have different types of orgasms. On one hand, you have the clitoral orgasm, which originates from clitoral stimulation. And then there's the vaginal orgasm, which is reached through stimulation of the vagina. In this article, rather than focusing on how to give women orgasms, I'm going to explore the main differences between the two different types of orgasms.
Despite every woman being capable of different orgasms, most women only have experience with a clitoral orgasm. Over the years, women tend to train themselves to respond most to clitoral stimulation after experiencing with their own sexuality through masturbation.

Women who have experienced both vaginal and clitoral orgasms have been extremely helpful in determining the differences between the two different types of orgasms. While the clitoral climax is more common, that does not mean that it does not feel good. When a woman has an orgasm through clitoral stimulation, it is usually an extremely powerful one because it is centered on one specific area. However, this type of orgasm usually does not last very long.

A vaginal orgasm, on the other hand, is likely to last much longer than your average clitoral orgasm. In addition to lasting longer, the vaginal climax has other advantages going for it. It is often described as an extremely relaxing and soothing feeling that leaves a woman feeling much more intimate with her partner.

Despite its many advantages, the sad fact is that many women will go to their grave with only clitoral orgasms under their belts. Women and their partners alike are often frustrated by their inability to achieve true vaginal orgasms, especially during intercourse.

It doesn't end there, either. The vagina has yet another distinct advantage over the clitoris. After the clitoris is stimulated to orgasm, it becomes dormant and has to go through a recovery period before it can orgasm again, similar to a penis. The vagina, on the other hand, has no such recovery period. In fact, it is easier for a woman to have a vaginal orgasm again shortly after she's already had one!
There is no right way or wrong way to have an orgasm. Some women are satisfied only having clitoral orgasms, while others will spend their life in pursuit of mind blowing vaginal orgasms.

Clitoral Orgasms Vs Vaginal Orgasms - What's the Difference?

Unlike men, women can actually have different types of orgasms. On one hand, you have the clitoral orgasm, which originates from clitoral stimulation. And then there's the vaginal orgasm, which is reached through stimulation of the vagina. In this article, rather than focusing on how to give women orgasms, I'm going to explore the main differences between the two different types of orgasms.
Despite every woman being capable of different orgasms, most women only have experience with a clitoral orgasm. Over the years, women tend to train themselves to respond most to clitoral stimulation after experiencing with their own sexuality through masturbation.

Women who have experienced both vaginal and clitoral orgasms have been extremely helpful in determining the differences between the two different types of orgasms. While the clitoral climax is more common, that does not mean that it does not feel good. When a woman has an orgasm through clitoral stimulation, it is usually an extremely powerful one because it is centered on one specific area. However, this type of orgasm usually does not last very long.

A vaginal orgasm, on the other hand, is likely to last much longer than your average clitoral orgasm. In addition to lasting longer, the vaginal climax has other advantages going for it. It is often described as an extremely relaxing and soothing feeling that leaves a woman feeling much more intimate with her partner.

Despite its many advantages, the sad fact is that many women will go to their grave with only clitoral orgasms under their belts. Women and their partners alike are often frustrated by their inability to achieve true vaginal orgasms, especially during intercourse.

It doesn't end there, either. The vagina has yet another distinct advantage over the clitoris. After the clitoris is stimulated to orgasm, it becomes dormant and has to go through a recovery period before it can orgasm again, similar to a penis. The vagina, on the other hand, has no such recovery period. In fact, it is easier for a woman to have a vaginal orgasm again shortly after she's already had one!
There is no right way or wrong way to have an orgasm. Some women are satisfied only having clitoral orgasms, while others will spend their life in pursuit of mind blowing vaginal orgasms.

Women Experience 2 Types of Orgasms; Now Sonographs Reveal How Clitoral And Vaginal Climaxes Cause Different Sensations

The time has come to solve the age-old scientific mystery: Are there two types of female orgasms? The debate and speculation is based on whether different types of orgasms are attained from vaginal penetration and clitoral stimulation. Now, according to a study in the Journal of Sexual Medicine, ultrasounds have found women do experience not one, but two kinds of orgasms — clitoral and vaginal — that differ in blood flow and sensations.
“Women describe at least two types of orgasms: clitoral and vaginal. However, the differences, if any, are a matter of controversy,” wrote the study authors. Through the use of ultrasounds, the researchers believe, they would be able to capture the visualizing movements of the clitorourethrovaginal (CUV) complex — the system of clitoral nerves — during both external and direct stimulation of the clitoris, and during vaginal stimulation. This procedure would be able to clarify the “functional anatomy of this sexual pleasure.”
Two French gynecologists, Odile Buisson and Emmanuele A. Jannini, used an ultrasound to track blood flow patterns and to determine how the clitoris moves during different types of sex with three healthy volunteers. These women were asked to stimulate themselves during manual self-stimulation of the external clitoris and during vaginal penetration with a wet tampon. A flat probe and vaginal one were used to carry out functional sonography scans. Both probes measured the tiny changes in blood flow patterns in the area during different types of sexual contact to determine how the clitoral and vaginal complex responded.
The findings revealed during external clitoral stimulation the orgasm did not involve the internal root of the clitoris. However, during vaginal stimulation, due to the movements and displacements, both the root and the external clitoris were involved. The researchers found this difference affected blood flow and therefore led to a difference in sensation.


This shows “functional differences depending on the type of stimulation,” the researchers explained, the Daily Mail reported. Furthermore, “the [Doppler] signal indicating flow speed in the veins mirrored these anatomical changes.” Overall, Buisson and Jannini believe the different reported perceptions of these two kinds of stimulation could be explained by the different parts of the clitoris — external and internal — and the CUV complex involved.
This study adheres to Sigmund Freud’s belief who devised the two-orgasm theory. He believed the vaginal orgasm was a feminine and mature sexual response, while the clitoral orgasm was masculine, immature, and inferior. However, Dr. Alfred Kinsey has refuted Freud’s claims through interviews where he found women could not and were not having vaginal orgasms, according to several studies available via The Kinsey Institute. Despite the recent findings of the French study, many will wonder if the vaginal orgasm really does exist.

Whether a woman has a vaginal or clitoral orgasm, her body will physically react in the same way. Everyday Health says a woman’s heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing increase as she feels stimulation in her clitoris, and tension within her pelvis is released upon the orgasm. Partners should learn about the different types of orgasms, as one in three women have trouble achieving an orgasm when having sex, while 80 percent have difficulty orgasming with just vaginal intercourse alone.

The Best Sex Positions for Women Who Like Clitoral

If you're having penetrative sex and you're not getting off, you might be wondering what the heck is wrong. Chances are there's one major problem: You're forgetting about your clit. Eighty percent of people require clitoral stimulation to have an orgasm, says Lisa Finn, a sex educator at Babeland, but not nearly that many are actually focusing on the clit during sex.

"A lot of people hope to have an orgasm just by the G-spot," says Finn. "While it can be done, it is harder for most people, so if you don't hit the G-spot and you're not adding in clitoral stimulation, there's a good chance you're just going to miss your orgasm." (Make sure you orgasm every time with these sex tips.)

And, really, that would be a shame. Especially because it's actually easier to have a clit orgasm than one from penetrative sex alone. "The clitoris that we see, that little nub where most of those delicious nerve endings are, is just the tip of the iceberg," explains Finn. "The clit is actually shaped like a wishbone, with these two legs that go down and surround the vaginal opening. And those legs are a great way to have extra stimulation during penetration." Plus, stimulating the clitoris makes the G-spot more pronounced and therefore easier to locate, she adds. "Even just prepping with clit play is going to get everything revved up and ready to go." (BTW, here's how to find your G-spot.)
So, if you're officially convinced to give it a go, these are the best sex positions for women because they focus on clitoral stimulation—and, as a result, may just be the best sex positions for orgasm too. Have fun.

8 Female Orgasms and How to Reach Them

You have probably heard that women can have clitoral or vaginal orgasms. You might have even read about the debate within academia around whether vaginal orgasms even exist. However, the experience of many women, my experience as a sexual coach, as well as the ancient science of Tantra, all prove that women can actually experience many different and distinct kinds of orgasms.
We can differentiate orgasms by anatomy, the direction of the energy, the strength and length of the orgasm, and by the orgasm’s effects on the physical, energetic, emotional, mental and spiritual spheres.
(Note: I might be a man, but I have been studying, teaching and empowering women about their sexuality for many years. So I invite you to read with an open mind and see if this serves you.)
The 8 Different Female-Anatomy Orgasms And How To Reach Them
There are a few major erogenous zones in a woman’s body. Most women would enjoy the stimulation of these erogenous zones, and it might lead to some kind of orgasm. Some would actually experience a distinctively different orgasm at each area. As they say in real estate: Location, Location, Location…
If you are just starting out, don’t worry about which is which. Just experiment with the following areas of arousal, and see what works for you.
Before attempting any of these techniques, first get yourself “in the mood”: Take a hot bath, put on some sensual music, light candles and incense, and start touching yourself all over your body in a way that excites and arouses you. Don’t “try” to have an orgasm. Instead: Explore. Play. Discover. Try. Experiment… Have fun!
1. Nipple Orgasm
The nipples are an important erogenous zone. They are connected via energy channels to the clitoris, and thus, stimulation of the breasts will cause an arousal of the clitoris and the whole genital area.
Continues stimulation of the breasts and nipples can result in an actual orgasm, or can bring about more quickly and easily the onset of an orgasm when vaginal stimulation is applied.
Women with small breasts tend to be more sensitive, but all women can develop sensitivity in their breasts, regardless of size. If your breasts are not sensitive, give yourself regular breast massage and/or ask your partner to do so, at least 20 minutes a day.
How to have a nipple orgasm: Use fingers, a vibrator or your partners mouth to stimulate your nipples. Touch, rub, pinch, pull, kneed, and twist your nipples to explore different sensations. Your partner can lick, suck, and bite them. Try to do this for 20–30 minutes, even when they feel a bit sensitive or if the sensation has “plateaued” .
2. Clitoral Orgasm
A clitoral orgasm is what most women know to be “an orgasm” — intense clitoral stimulation leading to a short peak of orgasm that lasts 20–30 seconds, focused mainly in the genital area, and feels intense, sharp, but a bit shallow compared to vaginal orgasms.
The pleasure declines rapidly, your clit might feel hyper-sensitive and even a bit painful, and some women lose their interest and passion for a few minutes or even hours. Even with penetrative sex there are positions that stimulate the clitoris more than others. For example if either partner is on top and leaning forward.

A clitoral orgasm isn’t “bad”; It just doesn’t serve you and charge you like deep vaginal orgasms do. In order to discover the ecstasy and bliss of continuous internal orgasms, you can try avoiding having a clitoral orgasm for a while. However, after you learn how to turn clitoral stimulation into internal orgasms, it is great to have clitoral stimulation, as long as you can avoid having an explosive clitoral orgasm.
How to have a clitoral orgasm: Apply direct and indirect stimulation of your clitoris using your fingers, a shower-head, a vibrator or your partner’s mouth. Note that some women love direct and intense stimulation of their clit, while others can only have indirect stimulation through the clitoral hood or sideways through the lips. Experiment with doing the same motion repeatedly for a while or with changing and alternating your touch.
3. Vaginal Entrance Orgasm
There are many nerves at the entrance to your vagina, making it a sensitive and erogenous zone. Apart from clitoral orgasm, this is where most women experience pleasure and subsequent orgasm. But compared with the inner areas , the vaginal entrance orgasm is more shallow and sharp, similar to a clitoral orgasm, and might also become explosive.
If a man is penetrating you shallowly, at the area of your vaginal entrance, it feels very pleasurable on a physical level, but when he enters you deeper, the experience of the pleasure becomes deeper, more expansive and meaningful. Size does matter, and so does depth.
How to have a vaginal entrance orgasm: Using your fingers, a dildo or your partner’s penis, touch the ring of muscles and tissue at the entrance to your vagina. Use in-and-out movements, circular movements, and apply pressure and stimulation “outwards”.
4. G-spot Orgasm
Originally called the Grafenberg spot after the scientist who “discovered” it. I prefer to call it the “Goddess spot” or the “Good spot”.
The G-spot is actually not exactly a spot but an area located just inside your vagina, near the entrance, on the upper wall under the pubic bone. When you are insert your index and middle fingers into your vagina and curl or hook them towards your clit, you will discover that this area feels different than your vaginal walls. It’s like a ridged, soft, fleshy hill that feels like a combination between a hard tongue, and a soft palate. It will be much more engorged and swollen when you are really aroused.
Some women’s G-spot is located closer to the entrance, while others have their G-spot further back. All women have a G-spot. A G-spot orgasm feels like an overwhelming experience of intense pleasure, not as “sharp” as a clitoral orgasm, but rather more “round”, “expansive”, and “expanded”. It takes longer to reach a G-post orgasm, it unfolds slower, lasts longer, and the pleasure decreases gradually and slowly, compared to the clit orgasm which usually crashes after the peak.
A G-spot orgasm will be more emotionally intense, overwhelming, and meaningful and will be followed by a deep feeling of satisfaction and relaxation. There will be strong contractions of the whole pelvic floor, pc muscles and vaginal muscles. With continued stimulation, you could experience more G-spot orgasms, leading to an experience of multiple-orgasms or an intense orgasmic state, lasting for long minutes or even hours. Sometimes there might be an expelling of fluids from the vagina or the urethra, also known as female ejaculation.
How to have a G-spot orgasm: Using your fingers, or better yet, a non-vibrating dildo, stimulate the area mentioned above — 2–5 cm inside your vagina on the upper wall, kinda below your clit. Make sure you are wet or use plenty of natural lube.
You might need to keep going for 20 or 30 minutes as this orgasm takes time, but it’s soooooo worth it! While a clitoral stimulation is more technical — rub intensely for long enough and you’ll cum — a G-spot orgasm requires that elusive mind-state known as “surrender”. As you are stimulating yourself, keep an attitude of openness and acceptance towards yourself and the experience.
You might encounter some pain, discomfort or strong emotions that come up — frustration, saddness, pain — related to past experiences or beliefs. One of the reasons that women don’t experience G-spot orgasms is that they don’t stimulate (or receive stimulation) for long enough, or that they stop when these sensations and emotions come up. Take a moment to express these emotions, and keep going with the stimulation.
5. Cervical-Uterine Orgasm
According to the Tantric tradition, a cervical orgasm is probably the most profound, meaningful, and special orgasm that a woman can have, at least on the physical level.
The cervix is the entrance to the womb, the uterus. This is the pole or the center of the feminine energies in a woman’s body. A woman’s cervix is related to her feminine core, her sense of self, her heart, her creativity, and to her entire being.
A cervical-uterine orgasm will feel deeper, more intense and yet more “round” than the g-spot orgasm, and will be accompanied by strong emotions, love, oneness with self, partner and god, ecstasy and transcendence, tears, crying and a feeling of deep satisfaction on all levels. The experience of pleasure is deep and profound, but in the same time, the cervical orgasm is perceived and appreciated as an experience which is beyond bodily pleasure, and is often perceived beyond the physical body.
A cervical orgasm is characterized by contractions of the deep vaginal muscles and uterus, while the pc muscle might stay relaxed. It effortlessly causes the sexual energy to move towards the higher chakras; It is related to the naval chakra (Manipura Chakra) but the energy easily rises to the heart chakra and beyond. This is why a cervical orgasm is a whole-body orgasm, as the energy moves throughout the body. A woman who experiences her first cervical-uterine orgasm will usually remember that day forever. One of my female teachers said that she could identify when and if a woman had this orgasm because she glows in a special way.
How to experience a cervical orgasm: The cervix is located at the deepest part of your vagina, all the way in. It feels like a finger or the tip of the nose sticking from the back wall of your vagina. You definitely need a long dildo to reach your cervix.
After getting yourself aroused as explained earlier, and stimulating your clit, vaginal entrance and G-spot areas, use your dildo to reach all the way in. You will feel a sensation very deep inside you. In the beginning it might feel numb, tender or even painful. Repressed feelings and memories might come up. Keep stimulating your cervix and allow yourself to go into and through whatever comes up. It can sometimes take 30–60 minutes of internal stimulation to reach a cervical orgasm, and allowing yourself to trust yourself and to surrender is a key aspect of experiencing it.
6. Anal Orgasm
The Anus is an erogenous zone full of sensitive nerves. An anal orgasm will be earthy, raw, rough, physical, and will be generally localized in the genital area. It’s also related to the root chakra.
Some women might be more sensitive and open to anal stimulation than others. About 5–10% of women need to have frequent anal stimulation to feel satisfied, otherwise they feel heavy, stagnant and stuck. An anal orgasm can be explosive, thus your partner should take extra care when penetrating you anally, as it might be more challenging to control his ejaculation.
How to experience an Anal orgasm: Use your own fingers or a dildo to stimulate your anus, first from the outside, and then venture inwards. Make sure you use a lot of lube and that you completely relax your anus as you are inserting something inside.
Make sure not to touch your vagina with anything that came near your anus, as this might cause an infection. You can also ask your partner to stimulate you anally, first with his fingers and later with his penis.
7. Throat Orgasm
Women can have orgasms when performing fellatio, especially when deep-throating, or from having a finger or two rub the back of their throat. These orgasms are related to the arousal of the pituitary gland at the back of the throat, which is also a minor chakra according to Tantra.
The experience of this orgasm might also be related to the physiological effects of holding one’s breath, and the suppression of the gag reflex. When stimulated orally, some women can excrete huge quantities of saliva and mucus that can be very viscous. Sometimes there is even a sort of white foam. The release of these fluids is considered to be throat ejaculation.
A throat orgasm feels very pleasurable and is accompanied by convulsions and spasms and a need to make strong sounds. Some women need to pause if they are giving head because the orgasm is so strong they can’t continue. Although very pleasurable, a throat orgasm feels more transcendent. Some women go into a semi state of trance and experience a higher and more pure state of consciousness.
Women’s throat chakra is less open than those of men, and as a result women have more trouble expressing and asserting their needs. It’s also interesting that many more women than men suffer from throat infections and thyroid problems. The frequent stimulation of the throat and experiencing these orgasms can lead to a better connection with your intuition and feminine wisdom, a deeper expression of your needs, creative and artistic abilities, and your higher potential.
The common belief is that women don’t enjoy giving oral sex; That they “give” head or do this for their partner. But the reality is that women can enjoy and benefit from this even more than men.
How to experience a throat orgasm: This is best done by another person. You first need to be sexually aroused, preferably after already experiencing a few non-clitoral orgasms. Have your partner insert his thumb, facing upwards to your mouth and rub the upper back side of your throat. Alternatively you can take his penis in your mouth, and try to deep-throat him.
You can find more info online on how to do that. In the beginning it might be quite challenging. You might be convulsing, feeling like you’re going to vomit, or actually having some stomach fluids come up.
Don’t worry — it would get easier in time. Especially with his penis, try to keep him inside your throat for as long as you can without moving. Keep the stimulation for a few minutes and remove the fingers — or penis — if you are convulsing. Allow your body to go into spasms and convulsions and permit yourself to make strong sounds.
8. Urinary Orgasm
This is a relatively rare kind of orgasm. A woman who is sexually aroused without having an orgasm might experience an orgasm when she urinates. Some women might first have other kinds of orgasm, and then when they go to the toilet they have a urinary orgasm.
A simple urinary orgasm might feel light, tingling and fun. However, since the act of peeing is related to relaxation, letting go and surrender, some women might experience a much deeper form of orgasm, or even a whole-body orgasm.
How to have a urinary orgasm: Drink half a litre to a litre of water (15–30 oz) before making love. Engage in foreplay and penetrative sex. When you can’t hold it anymore, urinate. If possible, put lots of towels under you and urinate while your partner is still inside you. That would create even deeper effects. If that doesn’t feel right, simply go to the toilet and urinate. Make sure to focus on the sensations in your body while you are urinating.
Most of these orgasms can be experienced by yourself. Some women might need to receive healing, sacred bodywork or de-armoring in order to release trauma stored in their bodies, open the pathway to pleasure, and experience some of the orgasms mentioned above, specifically deep vaginal orgasms.
How about you? Which of these orgasms can you relate with? What did you do that allowed you to experience a new kind of orgasm?

Achieving an orgasm can be elusive for a lot of women. But it can be as simple as time, tenderness, and knowing how to stimulate her sweet spots.

Not sure where to begin when it comes to the female orgasm? Start with these three tips.Masterfile

Bringing a woman to orgasm has little to do with pornographic skills. The key is spending more time on foreplay and learning about the two spots that, when stimulated, can lead to a female orgasm.
It also doesn't hurt to understand which sexual positions provide the best chance for orgasm. (Hint: The missionary position isn’t one of them!) Read on to discover the top three secrets to the female orgasm.
1. Spend More Time on Foreplay
You may be aroused and ready to go from the minute she gives you a sexy glance. But many women need plenty of physical and emotional stimulation to become aroused, lubricated, and primed for an orgasm. That's why foreplay is so crucial.
The key is to emphasize the "play" in foreplay. It's shouldn't be rushed or treated like an obligatory task. In fact, foreplay can begin hours before sex actually occurs, and every minute of it will prepare her for an orgasm. Here are some tips for getting both of you in the mood.
Stimulate her mentally. For some women, mental arousal is just as important as physical arousal. A sexy note or a flirtatious call during the day can get her thinking about your upcoming liaison. Candles, fresh flowers, and mood music can also create a loving and sensuous atmosphere. For many women, closeness and emotional intimacy can lead to better sexual experiences and more orgasms.
Use a tender touch. Caressing her gently can create sexual tension before you go any further. Hug her, hold her hand, or touch her thigh. Female orgasm is more likely to happen if, when you're kissing a woman, you let your hands roam to more erotic regions of her body. (Another hint: Yes, the breasts are an erogenous zone, but they're not the only one! Try stroking her back or her thighs, or sliding your fingers into her hair.)
Take kissing to the next level. Kissing is essential to foreplay. Discovering new places to kiss that turn her on is both fun and rewarding. Try the back of her neck or her shoulders for starters.
Don't forget to talk. Women tend to be more verbal, and hearing how good she's making you feel can help her open up and have fun.
2. Know Her Sweet Spots

There are two places on the body that are critical to female orgasm. Here's how to stimulate them so she can achieve orgasm.
The clitoris This tiny organ contains a high concentration of nerve endings and can be found near the top of the vulva. The clitoris is covered by a little bit of skin called the "clitoral hood," which keeps it from being stimulated all the time, so you may have to coax the clitoris out by touching or licking it. Once she's aroused, the hood will draw back and the clitoris will become erect.
The G-spot This other orgasmic area is located inside the vagina. It's a bundle of nerve endings about two inches up from the pubic bone on the inner, upper wall of the vagina. To find the G-spot, gently slide your finger inside her vagina with your palm facing up, then curl your finger up. Be warned — some women love having their G-spot directly stimulated, while others prefer less pressure on this sensitive area. Explore different techniques and ask your partner which she likes best.
3. Try Female-Friendly Sexual Positions
Given what you've just learned, you can pretty much guess that the best sexual positions for female orgasm involve those that provide maximum stimulation to the clitoris or G-spot (or both!). These positions include:
Woman on top This position provides some of the best stimulation of the G-spot, given the angle of the penis. She also can move her body in a way that stimulates her clitoris.
Rear entry This position isn't so great for clitoral stimulation, but provides excellent penetration and stimulation of the G-spot. Either of you can reach under during sex to rub the clitoris.
Sitting Having your partner sit on your lap allows for both deep penetration and good clitoral stimulation. It also provides plenty of intimacy.
Notice that the missionary position isn't on this list? It's difficult for a man to stimulate the clitoris when he's on top, unless he really grinds his pelvis into his partner. The angle of penetration is also all wrong for G-spot stimulation.
Still having trouble? Don’t be afraid to ask your partner for feedback, to make sure she likes what you’re doing. Women may want to consider working with a sex therapist, or getting a medical checkup to see if any diseases or medications are affecting their ability to reach orgasm. Achieving the female orgasm may require some trial and error, but don't forget to have fun while you're trying. Your sex life will thank you.

Too old for HPV vaccine – Am I at risk?

Dear Alice,
I am 28 years old, and became sexually active two years ago. My husband is the only man I've ever had sex with, and I am his only sexual partner as well. Where does the gene or whatever it is that the HPV vaccine helps guard against come from? Because I'm too old to get the vaccine, are my chances of getting cervical cancer from this particular gene increased then? Thank you for your help.

Dear Reader,
First, to clear up some confusion: although the likelihood of getting certain types of cancer may be passed down through genes, cervical cancer isn't one of those cancers. Instead, most cases of cervical cancer are caused by different strains, or types, of a virus known as the human papillomavirus (HPV). The vaccine currently available on the market protects against the most common strains of HPV, some of which are associated with cervical cancer (HPV itself isn't a form of cancer, it’s a virus). Second, due to recent changes, the vaccine has actually been approved for use in people up to age 45, so you may still be able to get vaccinated!
HPV doesn't come from a gene, nor does it affect any genes that you pass on to others. An HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut, abrasion, or small tear in the skin — therefore, transmission most often happens via skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. HPV is a common viral infection, though many infected people never have any symptoms and the virus often clears from the system on its own. In some people, certain strains of HPV may cause symptoms, including genital warts or precancerous lesions in the genital area that could, if left untreated, lead to cancer (including cervical, anal, and throat cancers).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three vaccines to prevent the disease-causing HPV types, though just one remains on the market in the United States. Up until 2018, the vaccines weren't approved for those over the age of 26, but the FDA has expanded that range to include people up to the age of 45. While the vaccines provide protection against HPV to folks who haven't previously been exposed to these strains of HPV, keep in mind it’s not a cure for people who've already been infected with these strains.
According to Mayo Clinic, risk factors that can make someone more likely to contract HPV include:
•Number of sexual partners
•Younger age
•Weakened immune system
•Damaged skin
•Coming into contact with an HPV infection
Vaccinated or not, regularly getting a Pap smear (a simple test of cells from the cervix) helps in discovering any cervical abnormalities before they develop into cancer. It's recommended that people have an initial Pap smear within three years of having sex for the first time or at age 21, then discuss with their health care providers about the timing of subsequent exams. There’s not an equivalent HPV screening test for those without a cervix — if they're concerned about HPV or genital warts, they may speak with a health care provider for more information about risk and transmission.
Even if you're at low risk for getting cervical cancer, you may want to consult with your provider about whether the vaccine or other prevention measures are right for you. Having regular Pap smears, limiting the number of sexual partners, and practicing safer sex may all go a long way in steering clear of HPV, and the warts or cervical lesions that may result.

Getting the details on gonorrhea

1) Dear Alice,
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
2) Hi Alice,
How long of a time frame could you have gonorrhea and not know it? The doctors say you can't track how long you have had it so how do we know? I feel my last partner gave it to me and that was nine months ago. Is that possible?
Thanks. I can't get much information in regards to this subject so I have no idea. And it can't be received from sitting on a toilet or anything of that sort, correct?

Dear Readers,
Glad you’ve both come to get up to speed on the who, what, where, and when of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It’s often passed from one person to another via contact with mucous membranes, typically during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed to a baby during childbirth. It’s not, however, transmitted through casual contact such as sharing towels, holding hands, kissing, or even sitting on a toilet seat. Symptoms of an infection, the time between when a person becomes infected, and when they experience symptoms often vary by sex assigned at birth (more on those points in a bit). It’s key to note that most people who become infected won't experience any symptoms — also referred to as being asymptomatic. This makes regular STI screenings and sexual health check-ups all the more critical for sexually active folks so that treatment can be accessed as soon as possible, even though there may no tell-tale signs of infection. Keep reading for even more of the key details on this STI.
First, more about when symptoms may show up: For those who do report them, the period of time between becoming infected and experiencing symptoms, referred to as the incubation period, is often different between those assigned male at birth and those assigned female at birth. Though the ranges seem to vary by source, it’s been noted that for those assigned male at birth, it may take between 1 to 14 days for symptoms to appear and may be upwards of several weeks to 30 days for some folks. A similar incubation period is indicated for those assigned female at birth, but they're also more likely to be completely asymptomatic. There is no research or reports indicating a longer incubation period. So, Reader 2, it may be worth considering other more recent contact you may have had or whether what you’re experiencing has been confirmed to be due to a gonorrhea infection (a number of other STIs have similar symptoms).

If a person does experience symptoms and longer-term health issues:
•For those assigned male at birth: They might experience a yellowish, white, or green discharge from the penis. Urination might be painful, include the feeling of "burning," or be more frequent. Swelling may occur near the urethra (opening where urine exits the body) or the testicles. Untreated, gonorrhea can lead to epididymitis which, in turn, can result in infertility in rare cases.
•For those assigned female at birth: The urethra or cervix (opening to the uterus, at the top of the vagina) can be affected; sometimes the infection is so mild that it goes unnoticed, particularly with inflammation of the cervix. Other symptoms include an atypical yellow or bloody vaginal discharge, bleeding between menstrual periods, painful urination, pain during sex, or lower abdominal discomfort. If the infection is left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), possibly resulting in ectopic pregnancy, pelvic abscesses, or infertility.
Symptoms of an infection resulting from oral sex could include sore throat, swollen lymph nodes near the neck, or no symptoms at all. When transmitted by anal contact or sex, there can be inflammation of the anus, itchiness, puss-like or bloody discharge, feeling the need to have a bowel movement often, or no noticeable signs whatsoever. Further, gonorrhea infections of any kind increase the risk for getting or passing HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and in rare, untreated cases, this bacterial infection may lead to serious health issues if it spreads to the blood, skin, and other major organs. Joint issues, blindness, and infections of the blood may result for babies who contract the infection during childbirth.
Whether symptoms are present or an infection is suspected, gonorrhea can be diagnosed by a health care provider. This is typically done with a urine or a tissue sample (where cells are swabbed from discharge or affected mucous membranes such as the vagina, urethra, anus, or mouth). If a positive result is found, antibiotics are the standard treatment; depending on the strain of an infection, different types of antibiotics or treatment combinations may be prescribed. Since people who have gonorrhea are also often infected with chlamydia, they and their partner(s) may need to be treated for both infections at the same time. When treating gonorrhea, it’s critical to take the full course of antibiotics and, if instructed, return for a check-up to ensure that the treatment has been effective. Due to the growing concern about resistant strains of this STI, it's wise to follow up with a provider sooner if after taking the medication for a few days, the symptoms haven't changed. Also, those actively treating a gonorrhea infection are advised to postpone vaginal, oral, or anal sex until after finishing treatment to avoid re-infection. Even if a previous case of gonorrhea has been treated and cured, it's possible to be reinfected again in the future. On that note, prevention is key; safer sex (especially with condoms!) and regular check-ups can go a long way in guarding against or promptly treating gonorrhea and other STIs.
For more information about symptoms, testing, treatment, and prevention of STIs, you can visit a health care provider, local health department clinic, or a health center such as Planned Parenthood.
Take care,

Hormonal birth control beyond oral contraceptives

Dear Thinking about trying a new method,
Good question! It's key to be in the know about a variety of birth control options, since new ones are being developed and may be a better "fit" for you than what you're currently using. You're correct in noting that the contraceptive patch and NuvaRing (the vaginal ring) work differently than Mirena, which is an intrauterine device (IUD). While they all use hormones, the primary difference is that IUDs are considered long-acting reversible contraception. This means after they're put in place by a health care provider, they require minimal maintenance and can last for years. The patch and vaginal ring require weekly or monthly maintenance to ensure effectiveness. This difference can contribute to a higher effectiveness rate, but it's key to note that one method isn't better than another. Each method has its pros and cons and the most appropriate one will be dependent on the needs and preferences of the person using it.
The contraceptive patch and the vaginal ring do work similarly. The contraceptive patch is essentially a sticker that is applied weekly to the surface of the skin that uses norelgestromin (a progestin) and ethinyl estradiol (an estrogen) to significantly decrease the chances of pregnancy. The vaginal ring is a small polymer ring that is inserted into the vagina for three weeks. It uses the same hormones as the patch to prevent pregnancy. The ring is then removed for one week, when a person experiences withdrawal bleeding (mimicking a period) — during that time, that individual is still protected from becoming pregnant. After their period has finished, a new ring can be inserted. For more specific information on these two methods, check out the related Q&As.
Mirena is a commercially-available, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved IUD. IUDs are T-shaped contraceptive devices that are inserted by a health care provider that sit in a person's uterus, just past the cervix. Depending on which type a person uses, IUDs can prevent pregnancy from three to ten years and can be removed at any time by a health care provider. IUDs have proven to be as effective or even more effective than birth control pills (especially among those who have had a child or children), though specialists are still not certain as to precisely how they work. Hormone-releasing IUDs present various benefits, which include:
•High efficacy: Hormonal IUDs have a high effectiveness rate, bein
g over 99 percent effective. Because it's placed by a health care provider, there is little room for user error,
•Hormonal regulation: Hormonal IUDs release progestin into the uterus. A progestin hormone is also used in several progestin-only birth control pills, as well as in the Plan B emergency contraception method.
•Lighter periods: Hormonal IUDs can help to regulate periods, making them lighter and reducing cramping for some.
•Convenience: A single insertion of a hormonal IUD can be effective for up to six years without the necessity of strictly adhering to a daily, weekly, or monthly contraceptive method. This means not having to remember to frequently take a pill or replace a patch or a ring. Some folks find that this enhances their sexual experiences.
•Low cost: Although the initial medical exam, insertion, and follow-up appointments may be expensive, using an IUD may save you big bucks compared to the monthly cost of the pill, the patch, or the ring.
For more on the pros and cons of IUD use, see IUD (intrauterine devices): Another birth control option.
In the end, deciding between an IUD, the pill, the vaginal ring, the contraceptive patch, or any other method is a choice you can make with your health care provider and partner. Your provider can discuss with you the many options available for contraception and, dependent on your medical history, lifestyle, sexual activity, and any medication you might be taking, can recommend specific choices that would best suit you. Lastly, none of the methods of contraception mentioned above prevent against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For this kind of protection, condoms (and other barrier methods) are still the most effective option.

Just can't orgasm

Dear Reader,
Regardless of your gender or genitalia, reaching orgasm isn’t necessarily a simple task. While concentration or fantasy might be the key to your orgasm, physiological, psychological, societal, and interpersonal factors may also get in your way of getting off. There’s no one-size-fits-all method for a person to experience pleasure and orgasm, so your personal journey might involve a fair amount of introspection, exploration, and information gathering.
Anorgasmia, which refers to difficulty achieving orgasm after sustained sexual stimulation, impacts individuals across the gender spectrum, and is particularly common in women. It may present itself as never having orgasmed, a change in ability to orgasm, or only being able to achieve orgasm in certain situations or contexts. Individuals may struggle to reach orgasm for a whole host of reasons, ranging from emotional to physical. Some of the physical reasons could include:
•Age: As an individual ages, they may have shifts in hormones, circulation, the neurological system, and anatomy that may influence their sexual desires, responses, and sensations.
•Alcohol and smoking: Alcohol can inhibit the body’s ability to climax and smoking can decrease blood flow to genitalia.
•Medications: Certain medications such as antidepressants and blood pressure medications can make it difficult to orgasm.
•Medical concerns with pelvic organs or nerves: Folks who experience vaginal pain during penetrative sex, hysterectomy, or other concerns with the vagina, vulva, or uterus might find that it affects their ability to orgasm. People with penises and prostates can find it difficult to ejaculate after prostate surgery or injury to the pelvic nerves.
•Medical conditions: Serious illnesses and infections could inhibit orgasm, along with hormonal conditions. Some examples include multiple sclerosis, hypothyroidism, and urinary tract infections.
•Conditioning to a sensation: For people who masturbate using a certain method, the body can become dependent on that method to reach climax.
Along with physical factors, whether or not someone orgasms can also be influenced by psychological factors or external pressures. Sex and sexuality can bring up shame, insecurities, and expectations, and these concerns may interfere in folks’ ability to experience pleasure fully. It might be good to take some time to explore your views on sex and sexuality to determine if that’s impacting your ability to orgasm. Some of the non-physical causes of anorgasmia could be:
•Mental health conditions
•Poor body image
•Past abuse or trauma
•Cultural or religious pressure and expectations
•Shame or guilt
•Difference between sexual expectations and reality
Lists adapted from Mayo Clinic.

Just as anorgasmia might look different for different people, so does the orgasm and the process of getting there. Preferences for speed and pressure of stimulation vary from person to person, as does the sensation and intensity of the orgasm. Some folks need lots of foreplay before direct stimulation of the clitoris, penis, prostate, or other erogenous zones and others don’t. The fantasies or sexual acts that turn one person on might not do the same for someone else.
It's also possible for some people to feel fully content with the intimacy and sensation that they experience without an orgasm. It might be worth exploring your body to see if you can discover some new spots or sensations that you enjoy, regardless of whether it leads to orgasm. Sometimes the pressure of seeking an orgasm can make it hard to relax into the moment. It may be helpful to have the goal of making yourself feel pleasure, rather than reaching climax. You might also try introducing a new toy, lubricant, sexy books or films, or touching areas of your body you hadn’t explored previously. There’s no one way to masturbate or experience pleasure. If you’re still frustrated by the absence of an orgasm, consulting with a health care professional may be helpful in finding the origins of your anorgasmia.

What's an STD?

Dear STD,
No need to apologize. Your question reflects your interest in learning, and there's nothing wrong with wanting to stay informed. Lots of people don't know what an STD is! STD is an abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease, and is a term that has replaced VD or venereal disease. Today, the more commonly used term is STI, which stands for sexually transmitted infection. A sexually transmitted infection is an infection that is passed on through sexual activity from a person who already has an STI.
The explanation for the shift in terms from STD to STI is simple, yet significant. The term infection means that a germ is present in a person's body, but the person may not have any signs or symptoms of the infection. The term disease means that the infection is causing obvious signs or symptoms in the person. Thus, a sexually transmitted germ — bacteria, virus, parasite, or fungi — causes an infection, which may or may not result in a disease. This distinction is critical because many sexually transmitted infections don't result in signs or symptoms, so a person may have an STI and not know it. Essentially, the term STI is a more encompassing term than STD. Some organizations or websites continue to use the term STD or use the terms STD and STI interchangeably.
When it comes to STIs, who all is at risk of contracting one? Every sexually active person is at risk for contracting an STI if a partner is infected. To help reduce your risk, you may want to follow safer sex guidelines. If you think you may have an STI, you could consider seeing your health care provider for a checkup. It's a good idea to regularly get checked for STIs if you're sexually active, even if you don't experience symptoms.

Safer sex means reducing skin-to-skin contact and contact with bodily fluids, including semen, vaginal floods, and blood, between partners. Safer sex includes ways of minimizing the risk of spreading HIV and other STIs. Some of these guidelines include:
•Using a condom correctly and consistently every time a person has vaginal, anal, or oral sex (and using a new condom if switching from one form of sex to another or switching partners)
•Using a latex barrier for cunnilingus (oral-vulva contact ) and anilingus (oral-anal contact) – such as a dental dam, a non-lubed condom (that has its ring removed, cut down the length, and opened up to form a rectangle), or non-microwaveable plastic wrap
•Mutual masturbation (masturbating together)
Sex without taking additional precautions can put an individual at risk for HIV and other STIs. This allows semen, vaginal lubrication, or blood (body fluids) to be passed from one person to another. These body fluids may then spread viruses or bacteria to the other partner. You may find the Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) category of the Go Ask Alice! Sexual & Reproductive Health archives to be helpful for learning more.

Difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasm

Dear Cumming,
Oh, oh, baby! There are many factors that contribute to how an orgasm feels. One variable is the type of physical stimulation, and to what body parts. A “vaginal orgasm” is the notion that women can have an orgasm through stimulation during intercourse or other vaginal penetration, entirely without clitoral stimulation. However, the vagina has few nerve endings, and therefore cannot create an orgasm on its own. Instead of thinking of the vagina and clitoris as separate entities, try thinking about them as a network of nerves and muscles.
In reality, total separation between the vagina and clitoris is mostly artificial, and often based on a misunderstanding of what, where, and how big the clitoris really is. The clitoral organ system actually surrounds the vagina, urethra and anus. Rather than thinking of an orgasm as "vaginal" or "clitoral", it makes more sense to think of orgasm in terms of the feelings that came along with it. In the end, an orgasm is an orgasm is an orgasm!
Here’s a little bit of history for you: Sigmund Freud made a pronouncement that the "mature" woman has orgasms only when her vagina, but not her clitoris, is stimulated — this is commonly referred to as the “vaginal orgasm”. The emphasis on stimulation from penetration made the man's penis central to a woman's sexual satisfaction. It is important to emphasize that Freud did not base his theory upon a study of woman's anatomy, but rather upon his assumptions of woman as inferior to men.
Back to the basics, stimulating the clitoris and (for some women) pressure in or around the vagina can cause pelvic fullness and body tension to build up to a peak. During sexual excitement, the clitoris swells and changes position. The blood vessels through the whole pelvic area also swell, causing engorgement and a feeling of fullness and sexual sensitivity. The inner vaginal lips swell and change shape, and the vagina balloons upward, causing the uterus to shift position. Orgasm is the point at which all the tension is suddenly released in a series of involuntary and pleasurable muscular contractions in the vagina, uterus, and/or rectum.

You or a partner can stimulate your clitoris in a number of different ways — by rubbing, sucking, body pressure,  or using a vibrator. Although some women touch the glans of the clitoris to become aroused, for others it can be so sensitive that direct touching hurts, even with lubrication. Also, focusing directly on the clitoris for a long time may cause the pleasurable sensations to disappear. Your clitoris can also be stimulated during sexual intercourse, most often with the woman on top — this happens when the clitoris is rubbed against the man's pubic bone. It can also be achieved when the man is on top if the man positions himself high enough so that his pubic bone presses against his partner's clitoral area. You or your partner can also stimulate your clitoris with fingers during intercourse to help bring you to orgasm.
Aside from clitoral stimulation, it is important to remember another major organ involved with orgasm — the brain! Emotions, perceptions, memories, and senses determine how we experience sex, rather than past experiences or physical appearance alone. Mental (cortical) stimulation, where the imagination stimulates the brain, can actually help set off an orgasm. Relaxing and concentrating on sensations (rather than worrying about how you’re doing) can help your brain process your pleasure.
Overall, orgasms are a very individualistic thing — there is no one correct pattern of sexual response. Whatever works, feels good, and makes you feel more alive and connected with your body (and partner if you have one) are what count!

What is Vyvanse hypersexuality?

Vyvanse is the brand name of a drug called lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, which doctors often prescribe to treat people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or severe binge eating disorder. Vyvanse belongs to a class of drugs called amphetamines, and some research links these drugs to hypersexuality.
Hypersexuality means abnormally increased sexual activity or sexual thoughts and urges.
It is perfectly normal to think about sex, and most people experience periods when they think about it more than usual. However, with hypersexuality, these thoughts or behaviors interfere with everyday life and relationships.
As with most amphetamines, changes in libido and sexual function are among the possible side effects of Vyvanse. All drugs have potential side effects, but it is important to remember that not everyone will experience them.

Symptoms of hypersexualityPeople commonly go through stages of feeling more or less sexual. However, the symptoms of hypersexuality, which is also called hypersexual disorder, tend to persist for longer periods.
The symptoms of hypersexuality may include recurrent and intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behavior that meets four or more of the following criteria:
spending excessive amounts of time being fully preoccupied with sexual thoughts or planning for and engaging in sexual behavior
repeatedly engaging in sexual fantasies, urges, or behavior in response to feeling anxious, depressed, bored, or irritable
frequently engaging in sexual thoughts and activities in response to stressful life events
being unsuccessful in attempting to control or reduce the frequency of sexual fantasies, urges, and behavior
engaging in sexual behavior with no regard for the risk of causing physical or emotional harm either to themselves or to others around them
Sexual behaviors may include:
having sex
masturbating
watching pornography
taking part in telephone sex or cyber sex
going to strip clubs
Research has linked hypersexuality to the use of amphetamines, particularly in males.
In a study of 1,159 males who were using the drugs illicitly, half of the participants said that the drugs had affected their sex life. They reported reduced sexual satisfaction and more intense orgasms. Some said that the drugs had increased their sexual desire, but others felt that this had decreased.
Uses of Vyvanse
Doctors may prescribe Vyvanse to treat people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those with binge eating disorder (BED).
Some doctors prescribe Vyvanse to treat the symptoms of ADHD, which include:
difficulty paying attention
hyperactivity

acting without thinking
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the warning signs of ADHD can include:
overlooking or missing details and making careless mistakes
problems sustaining attention while listening, having conversations, or reading
inability to listen to direct communication
not being able to follow instructions
losing focus or becoming easily sidetracked
problems organizing tasks and activities
A growing body of evidence suggests that ADHD also has an effect on sexual activity. In one study from 2006, researchers found that people who had ADHD from childhood tended to start having sex earlier and have more sexual partners and more casual sex than people without ADHD.
Binge eating disorder
Doctors may also prescribe Vyvanse to help treat BED. People with this condition typically have binge eating episodes that last about 2 hours and involve at least three of the following behaviors:
eating much more quickly than usual
eating to the point of feeling uncomfortably full
eating large amounts despite not feeling hungry
eating alone to hide feelings of embarrassment relating to eating
feeling disgusted, distressed, depressed, or guilty after the binge
Such binge eating tends to happen at least once a week for a minimum of 3 months. The person does not usually purge, or make themselves sick, afterward.
Females living with eating disorders are more likely to suffer from sexual dysfunction. A review of current research reported that women with anorexia, bulimia, or BED had fewer sexual partners and fewer sexual relationships than women without any of these conditions.
Eating disorders can cause sexual dysfunction and decreased libido. A person who has an eating disorder may also avoid sex because they feel anxious or self-conscious
According to the American Psychiatric Association, hypersexuality is not a formal diagnosis because there is a lack of evidence to show that it is a health condition rather than a set of symptoms.
It is normal for both males and females to go through periods of increased sexual interest or activity.
When hypersexual thoughts are interfering with a person’s everyday life or relationships, however, it is a good idea for them to see a doctor.

Yawning: An unsolved mystery

Yawning: An unsolved mystery


Despite the fact that virtually every human yawns on a daily basis, its function is still largely a mystery. In this Spotlight feature, we delve into the baffling world of yawn science, touching on topics as diverse as schizophrenia, empathy, chimpanzees, and sexual arousal.
Not a great deal of research has gone into studying yawning; it has not necessarily captured scientists’ imagination en masse. But, once you start to peel back the layers, there is much to talk about.
The process of yawning seems relatively simple: the mouth opens, there is a swift intake of air, a brief pause in breathing, a longer expiration, and sometimes an accompanying stretch.
But that is far from the full list of events. A yawn is a relatively complicated behavior, spread over an average of 6 seconds.
Facial muscles stretch and the head tilts back. The eyes narrow or close and can often water. Saliva is produced, and the Eustachian tubes of the middle ear are opened. Beyond this, there are probably cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and respiratory changes that we are yet to define.
It is common knowledge that we yawn when we are bored or tired, and studies have demonstrated this to be scientific fact. However, there are also reports of paratroopers yawning before a skydive, musicians yawning before hitting the stage, and dogs yawning before they attack – all of which mean that there is obviously more to the yawn than sleepiness.
The sexuality of a yawn
Interestingly, the yawn shares a number of components with other behaviors. For instance, there are some similarities between the “yawn face” and the “orgasm face.” Some researchers believe that there may be common origins, and although at first glance that may seem a little absurd, there is some evidence of a link. For a start, yawning is triggered by androgens (male sex hormones) and oxytocin. Furthermore, most drugs that produce stretching and yawning in rats also cause penile erection.

Another intriguing link between sex and yawning concerns antidepressants. Drugs including clomipramine and fluoxetine tend to depress sexual desire, and in some people, they also produce an odd side effect: their yawns trigger orgasm.
We have all been yawning since we were in the womb, and a whole host of animals – from flies to snakes, and from bears to badgers – all indulge. It is clearly an ancient behavior, and the fact that it has been conserved throughout evolution means that it must do something useful.
The program that controls yawning appears to rest in an ancient part of the brain, too. As an example, patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who are “locked in” and who have virtually no control over their muscles can yawn normally. Neurologists believe that this means the yawn coordinates are kept in the brainstem, an evolutionarily old part of the brain, along with the centers responsible for controlling breathing and vascular tone.
One of the most interesting things about yawns are their contagious prowess. As you read this article, many of you will be yawning as a result of simply thinking about it.
According to Robert R. Provine, the most prolific yawn researcher, he himself has become a “yawn stimuli.” Because his friends are all aware of his work, he simply has to enter a room and people begin to yawn.
Human-to-human yawn infection is well documented. However, it is not contagious in children until they reach around 5 years of age.
Catching yawns in non-human animals is much less common, but it has been observed in chimpanzees and some other primates.
A study looking at yawning in gelada baboons found that yawns were more contagious among individuals that shared a closer relationship, as measured by levels of grooming. A similar observational study on bonobos also found that a yawn is more likely to be contagious when it is spread between individuals that are more closely bonded.
Aside from primates, it has been demonstrated that dogs more easily catch yawns from their owner than from a stranger, which provides more evidence that being close knit enhances the yawn bond.
To some researchers, these findings mean that yawning might offer an intriguing insight into the human mind – specifically, an insight into primal empathy.
Researcher Steven Platek and his colleagues conducted a study in which participants received MRI scans while watching other people yawning. Activity was measured in the posterior cingulate and precuneus brain regions. These areas are involved in self-referencing, theory of mind, and autobiographical memory. The authors conclude:
This potential measure of empathy could prove useful in relation to certain mental conditions. For instance, in disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, an individual’s ability to assess other people’s emotions and motivations are substantially reduced.
As an example, one study published in 2009 found that individuals with schizophrenia were less susceptible to both yawn and laughter contagion.
Not everyone believes that yawning is linked with empathy, however. An experiment published in PLOS One found only one significant predictor of yawn contagion: age. Older people were significantly less likely to yawn when watching a video of people yawning than younger people were. The researchers also found that an individual’s level of empathy (as assessed by questionnaires), time of day, and intelligence were not significant predictors of one’s likelihood to catch a yawn.
Either way, there certainly is a social aspect to yawns – but that fails to answer the question of why we yawn, specifically. It could just as easily be sneezing or hiccups that are contagious, so why is it this long, deep breath?

What is an orgasm headache?

An orgasm headache is intense and it starts suddenly, just before or during an orgasm. These headaches are usually harmless, and a person can often treat them with over-the-counter pain medications.
However, headaches during sex can sometimes signal a more serious condition.
In this article, we describe what orgasm headaches are, what they feel like, and what causes them. We also explore risk factors, prevention, treatment, and when to see a doctor.
An orgasm headache is a primary headache that some people get during sexual activity. A primary headache is a condition itself, not a symptom of another health issue.
A person may experience an orgasm headache just before or during sexual climax. These headaches can happen during masturbation or partnered sex.
Orgasm headaches are one of two types of primary sex headache. The other type is a sexual benign headache, which doctors also call a pre-orgasm headache.

What do they feel like?
People typically experience orgasm headaches just before or during an orgasm.
The pain may feel:
intense
explosive

like a clap of thunder
An orgasm headache may be most painful behind or around the eye area.
Around 75 percent of people who experience these headaches report feeling pain on both sides of their head. Moving around may make the pain worse.
A common feature of primary sex headaches is intense pain for 5–15 minutes that gradually eases.
The pain occurs abruptly, and after it diminishes, a person may feel a throbbing in their head, which can sometimes last for several hours or even days.
Unlike migraine headaches, orgasm headaches do not usually occur with nausea or sensitivity to light or sound.
In contrast, a sexual benign headache feels like a dull background headache. This type of pain builds slowly, rather than starting suddenly, and it may feel similar to a tension headache.
Some people experience both pre-orgasm and orgasm headaches.
Causes
Doctors do not know what causes orgasm headaches, but they may be a type of vascular headache. These result from blood vessels swelling in the brain.
When a person has an orgasm, their blood pressure increases rapidly. This surge in pressure causes blood vessels in the head to dilate quickly, which can trigger sudden, intense headaches in some people.
A sexual benign headache, on the other hand, results from increased muscle tension. As a person becomes sexually excited, muscles in their neck and head can contract, which may trigger a tension headache.
Risk factors
Anyone can experience orgasm headaches. However, a 2010 review reports that males are four times more likely to experience primary sex headaches than females.
According to a case report from 2013, the average age of onset for these headaches is between 40 and 49 years.
People with a history of migraine headaches, exertional headaches, or cough headaches may be more likely to get orgasm headaches.

Is it ok to masturbate during pregnancy?

Most doctors agree that masturbating during pregnancy is safe and that it can even provide health benefits, such as lowering stress and promoting blood flow.
For some pregnant women, morning sickness, nausea, and fatigue remove any interest in sexual activity, including masturbation. Others notice an increase in their sex drive — libido — due to increases in progesterone and estrogen levels.
Women often wonder whether masturbating while pregnant is safe or if there are any risks. The good news is that, in most cases, it is totally safe.
In this article, we answer some common questions about masturbating while pregnant.
In most low-risk pregnancies, masturbation is a perfectly safe way to relieve stress and manage an elevated libido. That said, women should always defer to the advice of their doctors.
It is safe to use sex toys, such as vibrators or dildos, as long as they are clean.
Before using any toy in or around the genitals, wash it with soap water to prevent bacteria from entering the vagina. This applies to the hands as well. Keep the fingernails trimmed short to prevent scratches.
Masturbation will not harm the baby, and the baby will not understand what is happening. In fact, some doctors believe that babies may be soothed or comforted by the rhythmic uterine contractions that happen during an orgasm.


Are there benefits?
Masturbation, including during pregnancy, can be good for the body. Some women even report stronger or more intense orgasms while pregnant.
Some benefits of masturbation during pregnancy include:
lowering stress levels
improving sleep
easing pregnancy-related discomfort and pain
increasing the release of endorphins
In addition, masturbation is the safest form of sexual activity. There is no risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) unless a person is sharing a sex toy with someone else.

Are there side effects?
Later on in pregnancy, a woman may notice increased Braxton-Hicks contractions following an orgasm. These contractions, though sometimes uncomfortable, are nothing to worry about.
Some women also have cramps, similar to period cramping, after an orgasm. These cramps are normal and may feel like Braxton-Hicks contractions.



What are the risks?
There are no risks associated with masturbation for a woman having a low-risk pregnancy who has no complications or other medical issues.
When preterm labor is a risk, however, vaginal penetration — or even having an orgasm — can trigger labor. In these cases, the doctor may recommend avoiding intercourse or orgasms to lower the chances of premature delivery.
Masturbation can cause small tears in the internal or external genitalia, especially if a woman has long nails. Breaks in the skin can introduce bacteria into the body and cause infection, which can be more serious when pregnant.
To reduce this risk, keep the nails short and make sure that the hands and any sex toys are clean. Placing cotton balls in the fingertips of a latex or nitrile glove and wearing it while masturbating can provide extra protection.
It is important to recognize the risk of contracting STIs from sharing sex toys. Covering a sex toy in a condom will minimize any risk of infection. Make sure to change the condom between each use of the toy.
When women experience certain complications, doctors may recommend avoiding orgasms and sexual activity — including masturbation — during pregnancy. The restriction may be temporary or apply to the entire pregnancy.
Conditions and complications that may make some sexual activity risky include:
placenta previa, in which the placenta covers the cervix
a weakened cervix
premature rupture of membranes
a history of premature labor
vaginal bleeding
uterine infections
intrauterine growth restrictions
It is extremely important to ask a doctor about specific risks. They may advise that a woman avoid having orgasms altogether or only refrain from vaginal penetration, for example.
Having an orgasm causes the muscles in the uterus to contract. In some situations, this can trigger early labor, premature delivery, or other serious complications.
If a doctor advises against vaginal penetration, masturbation or mutual masturbation with a partner can be a good alternative. If an orgasm is off-limits, avoid masturbation and all other sexual activity.
Couples yearning to connect may consider engaging in sensate focus exercises. The aim of these exercises is to build intimacy and increase physical awareness through mindful touching and enhanced communication.
If the water has broken or if there is any vaginal bleeding, refrain from masturbation and other sexual activity and consult a doctor.


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